Mark Zuckerberg and Marissa Mayer field questions about Prism

The CEOs of Yahoo and Facebook were each on the hot seat Wednesday answering questions about the U.S. government’s data surveillance programs.

Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer, in an on-stage interview at the TechCrunch Disrupt conference in San Francisco, said she couldn’t say more about the programs than Yahoo already has because doing so could be “treason.”

“We can’t talk about these things because they’re classified,” she said.

Martyn WilliamsMelissa Mayer, Yahoo CEO

Pressed by TechCrunch founder Michael Arrington about what would happen if she revealed details about the government’s data requests, Mayer said she could go to prison.

“It makes sense for us to work within the system,” she said. For Yahoo, Mayer said, that means examining each request it receives and pushing back if it seems unreasonable.

In a separate interview, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg was more outspoken. The U.S. government “blew it” by not communicating better about its surveillance efforts and made it harder for U.S. Internet firms to do business overseas, he said.

“It’s our government’s job to protect all of us, and also to protect our freedom and the economy, and I think they did a bad job of balancing those things,” Zuckerberg said.

“I think the government blew it,” he said.

The U.S. government, when asked about the surveillance programs, has said it was not spying on American citizens, Zuckerberg noted. That wasn’t helpful to Internet companies that do business overseas, he said.

“I think that was really bad.”

Both executives highlighted their efforts to push for greater transparency, and both said their goal is to protect their users. Both companies, along with Google and Microsoft, have filed lawsuits to force the government to let them disclose how many national security-related data requests they receive.

Those efforts have so far been unsuccessful. Earlier this week, the companies asked again for permission to provide more information about the data requests.

The latest round of leaks revealing U.S. government surveillance programs, including a data collection program known as Prism, were published in June by the Guardian and The Washington Post.

Since then, tech firms have come under scrutiny for the extent of their involvement with the government programs, and to what extent they have cooperated. They have all said they have cooperated only to the extent they are required to legally.

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Facebook's Zuckerberg gives IPO advice, reluctantly, to Twitter

How should Twitter handle an initial public offering? Mark Zuckerberg admits he’s probably not the best person to ask.

The Facebook CEO was asked at the TechCrunch Disrupt conference in San Francisco Wednesday for some advice on how Twitter could ensure a smooth IPO.

But Facebook’s own IPO was beset with technical glitches and claims of insider trading. “I was worried people would leave the company,” Zuckerberg said of the period after Facebook went public.

But, after leading Facebook through a turbulent first year as a public company, Zuckerberg said that the IPO process itself “is actually not that bad.”

Zuckerberg was interviewed on stage by TechCrunch founder Michael Arrington.

For a smooth IPO, Zuckerberg said, “You have to know everything about your company. You’ve got to stay focused on doing the right stuff.”

Zuckerberg cited Facebook’s strong growth in mobile as an example of the importance of identifying the right areas of focus for a company.

Last year, Facebook basically had no revenue in mobile, and “people thought it was a disastrous thing,” Zuckerberg said. But during Facebook’s most recent earnings call this past July, the company reported that 41 percent of its total advertising revenue was derived from mobile.

An IPO for Twitter will go over fine as long as the social network “focuses on what they’re doing,” Zuckerberg said.

Twitter is trying to refine its focus around real-time conversations. The company recently tweaked its site and mobile apps to make it easier for people to carry out conversations on Twitter and post them outside the social network too.

Twitter has launched new advertising products too in an effort to raise revenues with a possible IPO looming. Earlier this week Twitter announced that it had bought MoPub, a mobile-focused ad exchange. MoPub’s technology could help Twitter serve ads to more consumers outside of Twitter.com and the site’s mobile apps.

Twitter has a little more than 200 million active users; Facebook has more than 1 billion.

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Facebook, Zuckerberg rally partners to connect the whole wide world

Facebook, Opera, Qualcomm, Samsung and others said Tuesday night that they’re setting out on a quest to bring the Internet to remainder of the world that doesn’t yet have access.

The ambitious goal has been laid out on Internet.org, the Web site Facebook and its chief executive, Mark Zuckerberg, formed with its partners to make the vision a reality. So far, however, the vision is just that: a set of ambitious goals with no real timeline to accomplishing it, and a basic roadmap for how to get there.

The partners include Facebook, Ericsson, MediaTek, Nokia, Opera, Qualcomm, Samsung, and other, future partners. The goal is to make Internet access more affordable, in part by reducing the cost of data access, while also encouraging businesses to adopt the Internet as well.

”Everything Facebook has done has been about giving all people around the world the power to connect,” Zuckerberg said in a statement released Tuesday night. “There are huge barriers in developing countries to connecting and joining the knowledge economy. Internet.org brings together a global partnership that will work to overcome these challenges, including making internet access available to those who cannot currently afford it.”

GoogleGooge’s Project Loon is designed to connect rural areas with Internet access.

Internet opinion will likely be split on the the new initiative, with some lauding it for its goals. On one hand, connectivity has helped foster early attempts at democracy in the Middle East and China, allowing those like-minded individuals to collect online and work to enable change.

On the other, ambitious efforts to bring Internet access to underserved areas, through projects like Google’s Project Loon, have been met with skepticism, if not scorn, by men like Bill Gates. Gates and his wife, Melinda, have dedicated enormous sums of money to improving living conditions in the Third World. Recently, Gates was quoted criticizing Project Loon: “When you’re dying of malaria, I suppose you’ll look up and see that balloon, and I’m not sure how it’ll help you,” Gates said, according to the interview.

Bill Gates has been critical of the real value of providing Internet access to the Third World.

And, of course, connecting the rest of the world would imply that at least some of those connected would join Facebook. It’s also easy to see how some of Internet.org’s partners might be attracted to the notion; at present, for example, Samsung is the world’s largest smartphone provider. MediaTek has been instrumental in developing inexpensive application processors. And Opera’s Opera Mobile technology can compress Web pages, saving data.

The Internet.org backers intend to use the Open Compute Project as a guide. For its part, the OCP has been a disruptive partnership that basically works to take as much cost out of the server market as possible through collaboration and shared engineering. That’s benefited companies like Facebook while also putting pressure on server makers to find other, differentiating technologies. The same pressure now could be applied to wireless carriers, as well as open-sourcing a low-cost, wireless handset for the Third World.

On the Facebook Web site, an unsigned memo (presumably written by Zuckerberg himself) posited that connectivity was a human right, a common refrain among the Internet.org partners.

”Universal internet access will be the next great industrial revolution,” Nokia chief executive Stephen Elop added, in a statement.

But how to do it? Zuckerberg suggested several methods: network extension technology, to bridge wireless networks with in-house wired networks, eliminating the need for more wireless infrastructure; edge caching, essentially placing the most frequently-accessed data on the edge of the network to be quickly and cheaply accessed; and to use “white space” spectrum to provide greater connectivity.

Facebook also hopes to cut data usage through such technologies as compression and by simply encouraging developing nations to share text, rather than photos. Facebook alreasy has a Facebook for Every Phone technology for feature phones, and the company said it hopes to cut down the bandwidth required by its Android app from its current size of 12 MB per day to about 1 MB per day,

Finally, Facebook hopes that it might be able to subsidzize the cost of some data in countries if users use it for Facebook, and maybe use Wi-Fi as a hedge against wireless costs.

Over time, the partners will work to bring the carriers into the fold, as well as NGOs and other policy makers. Zuckerberg has been instrumental in leading the fight for immigration reform, allowing more workers to come to the U.S. via an advocacy site called FWD.us.

It’s likely, over time, that Internet.org may indeed effect change. Any gains it makes will most likely be incremental, however, in parts of the world often ignored by the West. But it’s a noble goal, and one that makes business sense for those involved—as the Zuckerberg memo proves. Maybe all of the planet’s ills can’t be solved by giving the world a smartphone. But some of them? If Zuckerberg is willing to take money out of his pocket to do so, it’s tough to say no.

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